Нейротехнологии в праве и правоприменении: прошлое, настоящее и будущее (И.А. Филипова, журнал "Правоприменение", том 6, N 2, апрель-июнь 2022 г.)

Филипова И.А. Нейротехнологии в праве и правоприменении: прошлое, настоящее и будущее

И.А. Филипова - кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры трудового и экологического права Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского

Рассматриваются основные вопросы, которые ставит перед правом развитие нейротехнологий, и вопросы, возникающие в связи с применением нейротехнологий в деятельности правоохранительных органов. Нейротехнологии относятся к быстро развивающимся технологиям, распространение которых в России заявлено в качестве одного из приоритетов. Происходит процесс внедрения нейротехнологий в образование и медицину, в производство и сферу услуг. Использование нейротехнологий на практике вызывает потребность в регулировании правом, а также способствует проникновению данных технологий в правоприменение в связи с появляющимися новыми возможностями, предоставляемыми за счет решений на основе нейротехнологий, и из-за необходимости реагировать на использование нейроустройств людьми в повседневной жизни.

Ключевые слова: Нейроправо, нейроюрист, нейровизуализация мозга, искусственный интеллект, человеко-машинная коммуникация, нейроправа человека, право на психическую неприкосновенность, когнитивная свобода

Filipova I.A. Neurotechnologies in law and law enforcement: past, present and future

I.A. Filipova - PhD in Law, Associate Professor; Associate Professor, Department of Labor and Environmental Law Lobachevsky University

The scope of the research is the necessity for legal regulation of the use of neurotechnolo- gies in various sectors of human activity and the possibility of their application in jurisprudence. Neurotechnology is based on advances in neuroscience that allow us to understand the structure of the brain. The advances in neuroscience are driving the rapid development of neurotechnologies and their spread in modern society. The special importance of neuro- technologies is explained by the fact that, on the one hand, they contribute to the enhancement of artificial intelligence, significantly increasing the amount of data necessary for artificial intelligence for learning, on the other hand, with the help of neurotechnologies, people can increase their capabilities, both physical and mental.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the development of the application of neurotechnologies in practical use and assess the degree of necessity for the right to respond to the use of various neurodevices by people, as well as to study the risks of using solutions based on neurotechnologies in law enforcement.

The methods of conducting this research include the formal logical method, historical and comparative legal methods, the method of systems analysis, the method of abstraction and the method of legal forecasting.

The main scientific results. Taking into consideration the available foreign experience, the history of the use of neurotechnologies in law enforcement to the present day is systematized, the origins of the formation of neuro-law are considered. The level of neurotechnologies achieved today is assessed, the main issues that the development of neurotechnologies pose to law, and the questions that arise in connection with the growing use of neurotechnologies in law enforcement in the world are listed. Analyzed the legal acts and international documents (soft law) aimed at the regulation of neurotechnology nowadays. The short-term prospects for the use of neurotechnologies in law enforcement are formulated and the related needs for changing legal regulation, in particular, the need to recognize a new group of neuro-rights for a person are highlighted.

Conclusions. The further development of neurotechnologies, declared as one of the state priorities in Russia, inevitably intensifies the penetration of neurotechnologies into various sectors of public and state life, including the activities of law enforcement agencies. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare the legal basis for this already today, implementing the relevant provisions into the Constitution of the Russian Federation, criminal, civil, administrative, labor and procedural legislation.

Keywords: Neurolaw, neurolawyer, neuroimaging of the brain, artificial intelligence, human- machine communication, neurorights, right to mental integrity, cognitive liberty