Анализ издержек и выгод в публичном праве (А.В. Должиков, журнал "Правоприменение", том 7, N 2, апрель-июнь 2023 г.)

Должиков А.В. Анализ издержек и выгод в публичном праве

А.В. Должиков - доктор юридических наук, доцент кафедры конституционного права, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет

Рассматривается анализ издержек и выгод в публичном праве - междисциплинарный прием, который пока не получил достаточного распространения в российском конституционном и административном судопроизводстве. Утверждается: анализ издержек и выгод должен использоваться лишь субсидиарно, а не заменять формально-логическую методологию; вряд ли стоит применять этот ресурсоемкий прием в простых делах, когда достаточно догматической методологии; в публичном праве анализ издержек и выгод наиболее эффективен в экономической сфере; применение этой методологии в нематериальных областях должно быть ограничено, иначе не исключена коммодификация личных, политических и социальных прав, т.е. наделение их свойствами товаров.

Ключевые слова: конституционное правосудие, административное судопроизводство, принцип соразмерности, экономический анализ права, анализ издержек и выгод

Dolzhikov A.V. Cost-benefits analysis in public law

A.V. Dolzhikov - Doctor Habilitatus (Dr.habil) in Law, Associate Professor, Department of Constitutional Law, St. Petersburg University

The subject-matter of the research is economic analysis in public law. This method evaluates both costs and benefits of the regulatory measures. When assessing the alternatives, the judges in public litigation take into account their side effects. If an economically effective alternative is found, it should be ensured that it imposes a minimal burden on the right- holder or the costs to third parties.

The purpose of the research is to argue that the cost-benefits analysis should be limited primarily to the economic field. Otherwise, personal, political, and social rights can be conferred with the properties of goods (commodification).

The methodology of research is based on approaches of school "law and economics". Economic analysis of law makes it possible to construct a scale of constitutional values, albeit not uncontroversial, but universal. This scale offers the important advantage of introducing proportionality for seemingly disparate individual freedoms and public interests. The introduction of material and financial scales, including compensation even for irreparable intangible goods, represents a better solution than the available alternatives. The main results of the research and the scope of their application. The above-mentioned method consists of assessing the costs and benefits both for the right-holders and for achieving the common good. It is necessary to analyse the costs and benefits of the challenged legal provision to individuals. Then, the governmental costs incurred in using alternative means should be reviewed. The public authorities should not incur excessive organisational or financial costs from a legal alternative that is humane to the individual. Due to the objective constraint on public resources, judges take into account future budgetary expenditures.

In constitutional adjudication and administrative litigation, cost-benefit analysis is most effective in the economic sphere. It is easier to ensure the measurability of judicial review, usually in monetary or other material terms. The preparatory works, including the financial and economic justification of draft laws or regulations, may serve as an informational source in reviewing the legislative provisions and administrative acts which entail material costs. The cost-benefit analysis is applicable to non-material sphere. Although such costs generated by regulators are often difficult to assess in public law. A cost-benefit analysis is possible even in the political sphere. At the same time the judges usually restrain itself from assessing the political expediency of legislative decisions and administrative actions. Conclusions. There is a danger of economic analysis being abused in public law. The disadvantages of using this methodology include the possible devaluation of values which are essential for democracy. The abstract common good and reducing public expenditure will prevail over individual freedoms.

Keywords: constitutional adjudication, administrative litigation, proportionality principle, economic analysis of law, cost-benefits analysis